Tag: hate speech

Islamophobia in Indonesia’s Cyberspace: Politics, Buzzers, and Virtual Fear

Oct 14, 2025

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by

Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad

in 🌍 English Edition, 🕌 Islamic Studies & Thought, 🤖 Digital Society & AI

Through virtual ethnography, Prof. Kamaruzzaman Bustamam Ahmad unpacks how Islamophobia has evolved in Indonesia’s cyberspace—from the New Order’s political manipulation to the algorithmic fear of today’s social media.